The “Turkish Model” in Historical Perspective

Model Checking: Historical Perspective

Model checking is an automatic verification technique for finite state concurrent systems such as sequential circuit designs and communication protocols. Specifications are expressed in propositional temporal logic. An exhaustive search of the global state transition graph or system model is used to determine if the specification is true or not. If the specification is not satisfied, a countere...

The Local Limit Theorem: A Historical Perspective

The local limit theorem describes how the density of a sum of random variables follows the normal curve. However the local limit theorem is often seen as a curiosity of no particular importance when compared with the central limit theorem. Nevertheless the local limit theorem came first and is in fact associated with the foundation of probability theory by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fer...

Spermatozoa: A Historical Perspective

The 100,000th scientific article on the subject of spermatozoa was recently published. Many studies have evaluated the characteristics of this important cell leading to great discoveries. Since its first observation and description in 1677, many important characteristics have been described regarding this highly fascinating gamete. In this review, our objective has been to provide a historical ...

Description of the human races: A historical perspective

Vivisection in historical perspective

Burnham, who did much in the 1960s to explore the relation between the new psychologies and the ideals of social management gaining prominence in the "Progressive Era". Essays included here discuss the development of "expert" measurement techniques for human attributes from Cattell's anthropometric studies in the 1890s, through Goddard's (1910) use of Binet's work to classify the feeble-minded,...